Chief Elder Osiris : Hubble Finds Ring of Dark Matter

Chief Elder Osiris

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REGISTERED MEMBER
Jan 3, 2002
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Beloved, there is more to this than meet the Human Being Eye.

HILY
Osiris


News Release Number: STScI-2007-17 Hubble Finds Ring of
Dark Matter The
full news release story: [c] View
this image
<http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/17/image/a/>
Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have discovered a
ghostly ring of dark matter that formed long ago during a titanic
collision between two massive galaxy clusters.

The ring's discovery is among the strongest evidence yet that dark
matter exists. Astronomers have long suspected the existence of the
invisible substance as the source of additional gravity that holds
together galaxy clusters. Such clusters would fly apart if they relied
only on the gravity from their visible stars. Although astronomers don't
know what dark matter is made of, they hypothesize that it is a type of
elementary particle that pervades the universe.

"This is the first time we have detected dark matter as having a unique
structure that is different from both the gas and galaxies in the
cluster," said astronomer M. James Jee of Johns Hopkins University in
Baltimore, Md., a member of the team that spotted the dark-matter ring.

The researchers spotted the ring unexpectedly while they were mapping
the distribution of dark matter within the galaxy cluster Cl 0024+17
(ZwCl 0024+1652), located 5 billion light-years from Earth. The ring
measures 2.6 million light-years across. Although astronomers cannot see
dark matter, they can infer its existence in galaxy clusters by
observing how its gravity bends the light of more distant background
galaxies.

"Although the invisible matter has been found before in other galaxy
clusters, it has never been detected to be so largely separated from
the hot gas and the galaxies that make up galaxy clusters," Jee said.
"By seeing a dark-matter structure that is not traced by galaxies and
hot gas, we can study how it behaves differently from normal matter."

During the team's dark-matter analysis, they noticed a ripple in the
mysterious substance, somewhat like the ripples created in a pond from
a stone plopping into the water.

"I was annoyed when I saw the ring because I thought it was an artifact,
which would have implied a flaw in our data reduction," Jee explained.
"I couldn't believe my result. But the more I tried to remove the ring,
the more it showed up. It took more than a year to convince myself that
the ring was real. I've looked at a number of clusters and I haven't
seen anything like this."

Curious about why the ring was in the cluster and how it had formed, Jee
found previous research that suggested the cluster had collided with
another cluster 1 to 2 billion years ago. The research, published in
2002 by Oliver Czoske of the Argeleander-Institut fur Astronomie at the
Universitat Bonn, was based on spectroscopic observations of the
cluster's three-dimensional structure. The study revealed two distinct
groupings of galaxies clusters, indicating a collision between both
clusters.

Astronomers have a head-on view of the collision because it occurred
fortuitously along Earth's line of sight. From this perspective, the
dark-matter structure looks like a ring.

Computer simulations of galaxy cluster collisions, created by the team,
show that when two clusters smash together, the dark matter falls to
the center of the combined cluster and sloshes back out. As the dark
matter moves outward, it begins to slow down under the pull of gravity
and pile up, like cars bunched up on a freeway.

"By studying this collision, we are seeing how dark matter responds to
gravity," said team member Holland Ford of Johns Hopkins University.
"Nature is doing an experiment for us that we can't do in a lab, and it
agrees with our theoretical models."

Dark matter makes up most of the universe's material. Ordinary matter,
which makes up stars and planets, comprises only a few percent of the
universe's matter.

Tracing dark matter is not an easy task, because it does not shine or
reflect light. Astronomers can only detect its influence by how its
gravity affects light. To find it, astronomers study how faint light
from more distant galaxies is distorted and smeared into arcs and
streaks by the gravity of the dark matter in a foreground galaxy
cluster, a powerful trick called gravitational lensing. By mapping the
distorted light, astronomers can deduce the cluster's mass and trace
how dark matter is distributed in the cluster.

"The collision between the two galaxy clusters created a ripple of dark
matter that left distinct footprints in the shapes of the background
galaxies," Jee explained. "It's like looking at the pebbles on the
bottom of a pond with ripples on the surface. The pebbles' shapes
appear to change as the ripples pass over them. So, too, the background
galaxies behind the ring show coherent changes in their shapes due to
the presence of the dense ring."

Jee and his colleagues used Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys to
detect the faint, distorted, faraway galaxies behind the cluster that
cannot be resolved with ground-based telescopes. "Hubble's exquisite
images and unparalleled sensitivity to faint galaxies make it the only
tool for this measurement," said team member Richard White of the Space
Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore.

Previous observations of the Bullet Cluster with Hubble and the Chandra
X-ray Observatory presented a sideways view of a similar encounter
between two galaxy clusters. In that collision, the dark matter was
pulled apart from the hot cluster gas, but the dark matter still
followed the distribution of cluster galaxies. Cl 0024+17 is the first
cluster to show a dark matter distribution that differs from the
distribution of both the galaxies and the hot gas.

The team's paper will appear in the June 1 issue of the Astrophysical
Journal.
CONTACT
Donna Weaver/Ray Villard
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.
410-338-4493/4514

Richard White
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.
(phone) 410-338-4899
(e-mail) rlw@stsci.edu

Myungkook James Jee
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
(phone) 410-516-5497
(e-mail) mkjee@pha.jhu.edu

Lisa De Nike
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
(phone) 443-287-9906
(e-mail) lde@jhu.edu
---
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/17/full/
 
Dark matter

Chief Elder Osiris said:
Beloved, there is more to this than meet the Human Being Eye.

HILY
Osiris


News Release Number: STScI-2007-17 Hubble Finds Ring of
Dark Matter The
full news release story: [c] View
this image
<http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/17/image/a/>
Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have discovered a
ghostly ring of dark matter that formed long ago during a titanic
collision between two massive galaxy clusters.

The ring's discovery is among the strongest evidence yet that dark
matter exists. Astronomers have long suspected the existence of the
invisible substance as the source of additional gravity that holds
together galaxy clusters. Such clusters would fly apart if they relied
only on the gravity from their visible stars. Although astronomers don't
know what dark matter is made of, they hypothesize that it is a type of
elementary particle that pervades the universe.

"This is the first time we have detected dark matter as having a unique
structure that is different from both the gas and galaxies in the
cluster," said astronomer M. James Jee of Johns Hopkins University in
Baltimore, Md., a member of the team that spotted the dark-matter ring.

The researchers spotted the ring unexpectedly while they were mapping
the distribution of dark matter within the galaxy cluster Cl 0024+17
(ZwCl 0024+1652), located 5 billion light-years from Earth. The ring
measures 2.6 million light-years across. Although astronomers cannot see
dark matter, they can infer its existence in galaxy clusters by
observing how its gravity bends the light of more distant background
galaxies.

"Although the invisible matter has been found before in other galaxy
clusters, it has never been detected to be so largely separated from
the hot gas and the galaxies that make up galaxy clusters," Jee said.
"By seeing a dark-matter structure that is not traced by galaxies and
hot gas, we can study how it behaves differently from normal matter."

During the team's dark-matter analysis, they noticed a ripple in the
mysterious substance, somewhat like the ripples created in a pond from
a stone plopping into the water.

"I was annoyed when I saw the ring because I thought it was an artifact,
which would have implied a flaw in our data reduction," Jee explained.
"I couldn't believe my result. But the more I tried to remove the ring,
the more it showed up. It took more than a year to convince myself that
the ring was real. I've looked at a number of clusters and I haven't
seen anything like this."

Curious about why the ring was in the cluster and how it had formed, Jee
found previous research that suggested the cluster had collided with
another cluster 1 to 2 billion years ago. The research, published in
2002 by Oliver Czoske of the Argeleander-Institut fur Astronomie at the
Universitat Bonn, was based on spectroscopic observations of the
cluster's three-dimensional structure. The study revealed two distinct
groupings of galaxies clusters, indicating a collision between both
clusters.

Astronomers have a head-on view of the collision because it occurred
fortuitously along Earth's line of sight. From this perspective, the
dark-matter structure looks like a ring.

Computer simulations of galaxy cluster collisions, created by the team,
show that when two clusters smash together, the dark matter falls to
the center of the combined cluster and sloshes back out. As the dark
matter moves outward, it begins to slow down under the pull of gravity
and pile up, like cars bunched up on a freeway.

"By studying this collision, we are seeing how dark matter responds to
gravity," said team member Holland Ford of Johns Hopkins University.
"Nature is doing an experiment for us that we can't do in a lab, and it
agrees with our theoretical models."

Dark matter makes up most of the universe's material. Ordinary matter,
which makes up stars and planets, comprises only a few percent of the
universe's matter.

Tracing dark matter is not an easy task, because it does not shine or
reflect light. Astronomers can only detect its influence by how its
gravity affects light. To find it, astronomers study how faint light
from more distant galaxies is distorted and smeared into arcs and
streaks by the gravity of the dark matter in a foreground galaxy
cluster, a powerful trick called gravitational lensing. By mapping the
distorted light, astronomers can deduce the cluster's mass and trace
how dark matter is distributed in the cluster.

"The collision between the two galaxy clusters created a ripple of dark
matter that left distinct footprints in the shapes of the background
galaxies," Jee explained. "It's like looking at the pebbles on the
bottom of a pond with ripples on the surface. The pebbles' shapes
appear to change as the ripples pass over them. So, too, the background
galaxies behind the ring show coherent changes in their shapes due to
the presence of the dense ring."

Jee and his colleagues used Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys to
detect the faint, distorted, faraway galaxies behind the cluster that
cannot be resolved with ground-based telescopes. "Hubble's exquisite
images and unparalleled sensitivity to faint galaxies make it the only
tool for this measurement," said team member Richard White of the Space
Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore.

Previous observations of the Bullet Cluster with Hubble and the Chandra
X-ray Observatory presented a sideways view of a similar encounter
between two galaxy clusters. In that collision, the dark matter was
pulled apart from the hot cluster gas, but the dark matter still
followed the distribution of cluster galaxies. Cl 0024+17 is the first
cluster to show a dark matter distribution that differs from the
distribution of both the galaxies and the hot gas.

The team's paper will appear in the June 1 issue of the Astrophysical
Journal.
CONTACT
Donna Weaver/Ray Villard
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.
410-338-4493/4514

Richard White
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.
(phone) 410-338-4899
(e-mail) rlw@stsci.edu

Myungkook James Jee
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
(phone) 410-516-5497
(e-mail) mkjee@pha.jhu.edu

Lisa De Nike
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
(phone) 443-287-9906
(e-mail) lde@jhu.edu
---
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/17/full/



Greetings dear elder. Gas and galaxies are physical properities. So if the dark matter appears to be visible it must be giving off some sort of energy in order to appear visible. Is this dark matter a form of galactic melanin used to bond and hold physcial bodies in orbit of thier star,much like the melanin that is present after the big bang when the sperm hits the ovam and bodies that begin to form and orbit around the ovam?
 

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